Gender is a “social category” (like race, social class, and sexual orientation) with characteristics that are constructed, represented, and interpreted within the context of various cultures and societies. Just as discourses of race, class, and sexual orientation have certain social meanings, historical contexts, and consequences, so do discourses about gender. Mass culture, for example, generates images and interpretations of masculinity and femininity that are reinterpreted by people in everyday conversations and social institutions, such as schools, workplaces, and communities, which have a gendered character to their formal and informal operations.
The line between biological sex and gender can be confusing. Gender refers to social categories and characteristics that are related to but not identical to biological sex. Biological sex, or sex, refers to the genetic or biological division of the species into “male” and “female.” Sex differences between people take place because of physiological phenomena such as the arrangements of chromosomes in a fertilized human egg. Gender differences between people occur because of social and cultural phenomena. Ergo, gender may be viewed as the interpretation of the significance of sex.
Schramm-Pate, S. (2014). Gender. In S. Thompson (Ed.), Encyclopedia of diversity and social justice. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.