Ethics touches every aspect of the research data lifecycle, whether one is planning, collecting, sharing, or preserving data. Furthermore, every research discipline has its own tradition and definition of ethical research, which will guide how a researcher works with their data.

Trust is important among collaborators, between the institution and researchers, between data producers and users, and between data collectors (persons and institutions) and the local community. Community engagement may be an important element for your research's data management if the data are sensitive and/or the population is vulnerable, for example. Trust is also necessary within scientific communities in terms of developing consensus and building on one another's work. Reproducibility practices allow researchers to develop trust in reviewers and readers when their findings are computationally validated.

The CARE Principles were set out by the Global Indigenous Data Alliance in 2019. They are a response to the FAIR Principles around reproducibility and open knowledge, but instead in the areas of ethics and indigenous sovereignty. "Indigenous data, which include data collected by governments and institutions about Indigenous Peoples and their territories, are intrinsic to Indigenous Peoples' capacity and capability to realise their human rights and responsibilities to all of creation. Indigenous data sovereignty reinforces the rights to engage in decision-making in accordance with Indigenous values and collective interests." The principles are proposed as a counterbalance to FAIR's emphasis on openness, so that indigenous people(s) are not disenfranchised.

The CARE Principles are as follows:

• Collective Benefit: "Data ecosystems shall be designed and function in ways that enable Indigenous Peoples to derive benefit from the data."

• Authority to Control: "Indigenous Peoples' rights and interests in Indigenous data must be recognised and their authority to control such data be empowered."

• Responsibility: "Those working with Indigenous data have a responsibility to share how those data are used to support Indigenous Peoples' self-determination and collective benefit."

• Ethics: "Indigenous Peoples' rights and wellbeing should be the primary concern at all stages of the data life cycle and across the data ecosystem."

Read the CARE Principles document at their website.